Main high frequency characteristics of coaxial connectors

1. Characteristic impedance: the characteristic impedance of coaxial cable depends on the ratio of the inner diameter of the outer conductor to the outer diameter of the inner conductor and the dielectric constant of the medium between the inner and outer conductors. Due to the skin effect; electromagnetic wave propagation on the surface of the conductor, so the important diameters are the inner diameter of the outer conductor and the outer diameter of the inner conductor. The impedance of the coaxial cable should match the impedance of the system. Common coaxial cables are available in impedances of 50, 75, and 95 ohms, and other impedances from 35 to 185 ohms are sometimes seen.50-ohm cables are used for microwave and wireless communications.Typical applications for 75-ohm cables are cable television and video.95-ohm cables are commonly used for data transmission. For better system performance, the selected cable impedance must match the impedance of the rest of the system. Of all common coaxial cables, 75 ohms provides the least attenuation and 35 ohms provides more power transmission capacity.2. Signal Reflection (RL):There are three phenomena that occur when RF energy enters a coaxial cable assembly:①. Energy is transmitted to the other end of the cable - this is usually desired; ②. The cable attenuates/loses energy during transmission: some of it is converted to heat and some leaks out of the cable; ③. Energy is reflected back to the input of the cable assembly. Energy is reflected back to the input end of the cable assembly due to impedance variations in the length direction of the cable assembly, including impedance variations between the cable and the connecting parts. Connectors and the connecting interface between the connector and the cable are typical sources of reflection. The cable itself can also cause reflections, and one of the sources of reflections is process-induced periodic variations in impedance along the length of the cable, which can overlap at a certain frequency and produce characteristic jumps. Low return loss is often a feature of the superior performance of coaxial components (such as coaxial cables, coaxial connectors and cable assemblies).3. Attenuation: Attenuation is the loss of signal transmission along a cable. When an RF signal passes through a cable, part of it is converted to heat, and the other part leaks out of the cable through the shield. Because attenuation increases with frequency, attenuation is often characterized as the number of decibels per unit length at a particular frequency. The general application is to minimize signal loss during cable transmission or to keep it within specified limits. The minimum loss is 0 dB attenuation or input/output power ratio of 1:1. Because for the same structure, the larger the cable, the smaller the attenuation, so reducing the attenuation means increasing the size of the cable. 4. Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR): VSWR is defined as the ratio of the greater magnitude of the voltage on the transmission line (current) to the smallest magnitude of the RF connector is the most important electrical indicators, but also the main basis for evaluating the performance of RF connectors. It is also the main basis for evaluating the performance of RF connectors.

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